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Jun
15
FAQ
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Question 1 |
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Why the term ‘haze’ is used? |
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The use of the term ‘haze’ as opposed to ‘transboundary atmospheric pollution’ in ASEAN is to play down the impact of Indonesian fires even though the fires and associated haze could pose risks to human health and the environment. The usage of ‘haze’ is a diplomatic way to avoid having to confront the State that causes the problem by linking it with principles of state responsibility under international law. The perception or the term ‘haze’ therefore takes the attention away from the fires that cause the transboundary pollution. |
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Question 2 |
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How is haze measured? |
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Air quality index (AQI) is the main parameter that is usually determined during haze episode in Southeast Asia. There are several different calculations of AQI based on different countries due to different parameters used and the different thresholds used to determine health impact of air pollutants to human health. Overall, all countries calculate their AQI based on the method suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
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May
12
Related Publication
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| Page, SE, Siegert, F, Rieley, JO, Boehm, H-DV, Jayak, A & Limink, S | 2002 | The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997 |
| Pathak, H, Ladha, JK, Aggarwal, PK, Seng, S, Das, S, Singh, Y, Singh B, Kamra, SK, Mishra, B, Sastri, ASRAS, Aggarwal, HP, Das, DK & Gupta, RK | 2003 | Trends of climatic potential and on-farm yields of rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains |
| Pinto, JP, Grant, LD & Hartlage, TA | 1998 | Report on U.S EPA Air Monitoring of Haze from S.E Asia Biomass Fires, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. North Carolina. |
| Puxbaum, H, Caseiro, A, Sánchez-Ochoa, A, Kasper-Giebl, A, Claeys, M, Gelencsér, A, Legrand, M, Preunkert, S and Pio, CA | 2007 | Levoglucosan levels at background sites in Europe for assessing the impact of biomass combustion on the European aerosol background |
| Qadri, S T. | 2001 | Fire. Smoke, and Haze The ASEAN Response Strategy. Asian Development Bank. Philippines. |
| Quah, E. & Varkkey, H. | The Political Economy of Transboundary Pollution: Mitigation Forest Fires and Haze in Southeast Asia | |
| Radojevic, M | 2003 | Chemistry of forest fires and regional haze with emphasis on Southeast Asia |
| Ram, K, Sarin, MM, Sudheer, AK & Rengarajan, R | 2012 | Carbonaceous and secondary inorganic aerosols during wintertime fog and haze over urban sites in the Indo-Gangetic plain |
| Reid, JS, Xian, P, Hyer, EJ, Flatau, MK, Ramirez, EM, Turk, FJ, Sampson, CR, Zhang, C, Fukada, EM & Maloney, ED | 2012 | Multi-scale meteorological conceptual analysis of observed active fire hotspot activity and smoke optical depth in the Maritime Continent |
| Reid, JS, Hyer, EJ, Johnson, RS, Holben, BN, Yokelson, RJ, Zhang, J, Campbell, JR, Christopher, SA, Di Girolamo, L, Giglio, L, Holz, RE, Kearney, C, Miettinen, J, Reid, EA, Turk, FJ, Wang, J, Xian, P, Zhao, G, Balasubramanian, R, Chew, BN, Janjai, S, Lagrosas, N, Lestari, P, Lin, N-H, Mahmud, M, Nguyen, AX, Norris, B, Oanh, NTK, Oo, M, Salinas, SV, Welton, EJ, & Liew, SC. | 2013 | Observing and understanding the Southeast Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: an initial review and analysis for the seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program |
| Rein, G, Cleaver, N, Ashton, C & Pironi, P | 2008 | The severity of smouldering peat fires and damages to the forest soil |
| Reisen, F & Brown, SK | 2006 | Implications for community health from exposure to bushfire air toxics |
| Rose, D, Gunthe, SS, Su, H, Garland, RM, Yang, H, Berghof, M, Cheng, YF, Wehner, B, Achtert, P, Nowak, A, Wiedensohler, A, Takegawa, N, Kondo, Y, Hu, M, Zhang, Y, Andreae, MO & Pöschl, U | 2010 | Cloud condensation nuclei in polluted air and biomass burning smoke near the mega-city Guangzhou, China - Part 2: Size-resolved aerosol chemical composition, diurnal cycles, and externally mixed CCN-inactive soot particles |
| Saarnio, K, Teinilä, K, Aurela, M, Timonen, H & Hillamo, R | 2010 | Highperformance anion-exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry method for determination of levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan in atmospheric fine particulate matter |
| Sahani, M, Zainon, NA, Wan Mahiyuddin, WR, Latif, MT, Hod, R, Khan, MF, Tahir, NM & Chan, C-C | 2014 | A case-crossover analysis of forest fire haze events and mortality in Malaysia |
| Saharjo, BH & Munoz, CP | 2005 | Controlled burning in peat lands owned by small farmers: A case study in land preparation |
| Saharjo, BH | 2007 | Shifting cultivation in peatlands |
| Salma, I, Ḿesźaros, T, Maenhaut, W, Vass, E & Majer, Z | 2010 | Chirality and the origin of atmospheric humic-like substances |
| Sansuddin, N, Ramli, NA, Yahaya, AS, Yusof, NFF, Ghazali, NA & Al Madhoun, WA | 2011 | Statistical analysis of PM10 concentrations at different locations in Malaysia, Environ Monit Assess |
| Sastry N | 2000 | Forest Fires, Air Pollution and Mortality in Southeast Asia’ in RAND Labor and Population Program |
| Schkolnik, G & Rudich, Y | 2006 | Detection and quantification of levoglucosan in atmospheric aerosols: A review |
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May
12
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| Author | Year | Title |
| NASA | 2015 | Earth Observatory, National Aeronautic and Space Administration, viewed 2 January 2016, <http://www.earthobservary.nasa.gov> |
| NASA | 2016 | Visible Earth, National Aeronautic and Space Administration, viewed 2 January 2016, <http://www.visibleearth.nasa.gov> |
| Nasi, R, Applegate, G, Dennis, R, Meijaard, E & Moore, P | 2000 | Forest Fire and Biological Diversity’. http://www.fao.org |
| NAE | 2016 | PSI, National Environmental Agency, viewed on 28 April 2016, <http://www.nea.gov.sg/anti-pollution-radiation-protection/air-pollutioncontrol/psi/psi> |
| Nganje, W, Schuck, EC, Yantio, D & Aquach, E | 2001 | Farmer education and adoption of slash and burn agriculture’, Agribusiness & Applied Economic Miscellaneous Report |
| Nguitragool, P | 2011 | Environmental Cooperation in Southeast Asia: ASEAN’s regime for transboundary haze pollution’, London and New York, Routledge. |
| Nichol, J | 1997 | Bioclimatic impacts of the 1994 smoke haze event in Southeast Asia |
| NOAA | 2016 | READY-Real-time environmental applications and display system, http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.html |
| NOAA | 2016 | El Nino and La Nina years and intensity, <http://ggweather.com/enso/oni.htm> |
| NOAA | 2016 | Air Resources Laboratory, http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.html |
| Nobre, AM, Karthik, S, Liu, H, Yang, D, Martins, FR, Pereira, EB, Ruther, R, Reindl, T & Peters, IM | 2016 | On the impact of haze on the yield of photovoltaic systems in Singapore |
| Odabasi, M & Bagiroz, HO | 2002 | Sulfate dry deposition fluxes and overall deposition velocities measured with a surrogate surface |
| Odihi, JO/td> | 2003 | Haze in Southeast Asia: Needed Local Actions for a Regional Problem |
| Omar, NYMJ, Mon, TC, Rahman, NA & Abas, MR | 2006 | Distributions and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric aerosols of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Ostro, BD, Eskeland, GS, Sanchez, JM, Feyzioglu, T | 1999 | Air pollution and health effects: a study of medical visits among children in Santiago, Chile |
| Othman, J, Sahani, M, Mahmud, M & Sheikh Ahmad, MK | 2015 | Economic Valuation of Health Impacts of Smoke Haze Pollution in Malaysia |
| Othman, J, Sahani, M, Mahmud, M & Ahmad, MKS | 2014 | Transboundary smoke haze pollution in Malaysia: inpatient health impacts and economic valuation |
| Othman, M & Latif, MT | 2013 | Dust and gas emissions from small-scale peat combustion |
| Paatero, P. | 1997 | Least squares formulation of robust non-negative factor analysis |
| Paatero, P. & Tapper, U. | 1994 | Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values. |
| Page, SE, Rieley, JO & Banks, CJ | 2011 | Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool |
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